Anmol Tukrel: Meet the 10th grader who claims high school project is 47% more accurate than Google

BENGALURU: Watch out Sundar Pichai. There's a high school project that tops Google's main cash cow, the search engine.

Sixteen-year-old Anmol Tukrel, an Indian-origin Canadian citizen has designed a personalised search engine that claims to be as high as 47% more accurate than Google, and about 21% more accurate on an average.

Tukrel, who just completed his tenth grade, said he took a couple of months to design it, and about 60 hours to code the engine, as part of his submission into Google Science Fair, a global online competition that is open to students aged 13 to 18 years.

"I thought I would do something in the personalised search space. It was the most genius thing ever. But when I realised Google already does it, I tried taking it to the next level," said Tukrel, who was in India for a two-week internship programme at Bengaluru-based adtech firm IceCream Labs.

Tukrel's tinkering kit: A computer with at least 1 gigabyte of free storage space, a python-language development environment, a spreadsheet program and access to Google and New York Times.

To test the accuracy of each search engine, he limited his search query to this year's news articles from The New York Times. He created several fictitious users with different interests and corresponding web histories. Tukrel then fed this information to both Google and his interest-based search engine. Finally, the results from each search engine were compared.

Today, personalisation is dependent on factors like one's location, browsing history, and the affinity to the kind of apps they install on their phone. That's just one part of the equation. Tukrel claims his algorithm solves the other side of the equation: It understands what a user would like before it serves up the results by dwelling deep into the content of the text, understanding the underlying meaning, before matching it to a user's personality, and throwing up the result.

"For someone to look at a successful Google product and attempt to go one level up, it's astonishing," said Sanjay Ramakrishnan, cofounder of Ice-Cream Labs, and former marketing head of Myntra. Tukrel, the student of Holy Trinity School in Toronto, said he learnt to code in his third grade, and subsequently picked up on mathematics and coding.

"My computer teacher was pretty impressed with the project. I skipped a year in computer science, so they knew I was good, but may be not so good," said Tukrel, who has put up a link to the test cases online on for anyone to view.

Tukrel submitted his paper to the International High School Journal of Science last month, and hopes to study computer science at Stanford University. But before that, he wants to develop a news aggregator based on this technology, and licence it to a few digital marketing agencies as well. Would he become a fellow at Paypal founder Peter Theil's foundation, where one is required to drop out of college to try an idea?

"To be honest, it's incredibly stupid to drop out," said Tukrel. "It's very arrogant to think that your idea is so good, that you don't need to learn anything."

But, Tukrel also runs a company, which has a palindromic name: Tacocat Computers. But, is he legally allowed to?

"Yes. You just need parental consent."

And, what next?

"Eleventh grade." 


गूगल से अधिक पावरफुल सर्च इंजन बनाने का दावा

नई दिल्ली। सर्च इंजन का राजा गूगल है, यह स्पष्ट है! मौजूदा सभी सर्च इंजन के मुकाबले यह सबसे तेज और एकदम सही जवाब देने वाला है।

लेकिन अब एक बच्चे ने गूगल के इस एकाधिकार को चुनौती दी है। कनाडा में रह रहे भारतीय मूल के 16 वर्षीय अनमोल तुकरेल ने पर्सनलाइज्ड सर्च इंजन को डिजायन किया है और उनका दावा है कि गूगल से यह 47 प्रतिशत ज्यादा बेहतर है।

तुकरेल दसवीं के छात्र हैं और कुछ महीनों से एक प्रोजेक्ट पर काम कर रहे हैं। उन्होंने दो महीने काम कर सर्च इंजन डिजाइन किया और मात्र 60 घंटे में इसे कोड किया। यह सर्च इंजन गूगल साइंस फेयर में डिस्प्ले होगा। गूगल प्रतियोगिता में 13 से 18 वर्ष की उम्र तक बच्चे हिस्सा ले सकते हैं।

सूत्रों के अनुसार, जब तुकरेल भारत में एक इंटर्नशिप के लिए बेंगलुर आए थे तभी उन्हें यह पता चला था कि गूगल के पास पहले से ही पर्सनलाइज्ड सर्च इंजन है, और उन्होंने इसे अगले लेबल तक ले जाने की योजना बना ली।

अनमोल ने कहा, ‘मैंने सोचा कि मैं पर्सनलाइज्ड सर्च स्पेस के लिए कुछ करूंगा। यह एक सबसे जीनियस चीज़ थी। लेकिन जब मैंने देखा कि गूगल पहले से ऐसा कर रहा है, तो मैंने इसे अगले लेवल पर ले जाने के बारे में सोचा।’ अनमोल बेंगलुरु की ऐ़डटेक फर्म आइसक्रीम लैब्स में दो हफ्ते के इंटर्नशिप प्रोग्राम के लिए भारत आए हुए थे।


इस खोज के लिए अनमोल का टूल था 1 गीगाबाइट फ्री स्टोरेज स्पेस, पायथन लैंग्वेज डिवेलपमेंट एन्वायर्नमेंट, स्प्रेडशीट प्रोग्राम वाला कम्प्यूटर और गूगल और न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स का ऐक्सेस। 



16-year-old techie claims his search engine is 47 per cent more accurate than Google



Google has to be one of the fastest search engines in the world. With its technology farms spread all over the world and the best algorithms incorporated within, Google is one of the most used and most preferred search engines out there. Also, Google is said to have one of the fastest, most accurate search results as compared to other search engines that exist. However, a 16-year-old techie is bold enough to state that he has built a search engine and claims that his product is 47 per cent more accurate than Google’s search engine.

According to media reports, a 16-year-old Indian-origin techie from Canada has built a search engine and claims that he has made it 47 per cent more accurate than what Google’s churns out in its search results.

Canadian citizen Sixteen-year-old Anmol Tukrel is an Indian-born techie and has designed a search engine all by himself. He also claims that apart from it being 47 per cent more accurate than Google’s search engine, it is also 21 per cent more accurate on an overall average.

Tukrel is just a standard 10 student and has been working on the project for just a couple of months. He has taken around 60 hours code and build a search engine, which is a part of the submission to the Google Science Fair. The Google competition is applicable for those between ages 13 and 18.

According to reports online, when Tukrel was in India for a short internship in Bangalore, that's when he came to know about Google already having a personalized search engine, he planned to take it to a next level. Tukrel’s development kit included only a computer with at least 1GB of free storage space, a python-language development environment, a spreadsheet program and access to Google and New York Times.

He managed to test out his product’s accuracy with limiting his search query to the current year's news articles from The New York Times. He then created numerous fictitious users, each with a different interest and other corresponding web histories. This information was then fed to both Google and his search engine, after which, he compared the results between the two.

Tukrel has submitted his paper, of research and his findings, to the International High School Journal of Science. He now hopes to study further with computer science at Stanford University. He is presently running a small company on his own, named Tacocat Computers, with consent from his parents.  

Anmol Tukrel

Masdar City

Masdar City (Arabic: مدينة مصدر‎, Madīnat Maṣdar) is a planned city project in Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates. Its core is being built by Masdar, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the Government of Abu Dhabi.Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the city relies on solar energy and other renewable energy sources. Masdar City is being constructed 17 kilometres (11 mi) east-south-east of the city of Abu Dhabi, beside Abu Dhabi International Airport.

Masdar City will host the headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The city is designed to be a hub for cleantech companies. Its first tenant is the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, which has been operating in the city since it moved into its campus in September 2010.

Design and intent

The project is headed by Masdar, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company.Initiated in 2006, the project was estimated to cost US$18-22 billion and take approximately eight years to build, with the first phase scheduled to be completed and habitable in 2009.[12][13][14] Construction began on Masdar City in 2008 and the first six buildings of the city were completed and occupied in October 2010. However, due to the impact of the global financial crisis, Phase 1 of the city, the initial 1,000,000 square metres (0.39 sq mi), will be completed in 2015. Final completion is scheduled to occur between 2020 and 2025.The estimated cost of the city has also declined by 10 to 15 percent, putting the development between US$18.7 and 19.8 billion. The city is envisioned to cover 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi) and will be home to 45,000 to 50,000 people and 1,500 businesses, primarily commercial and manufacturing facilities specialising in environmentally friendly products. In turn, more than 60,000 workers are expected to commute to the city daily.

Masdar City will be the latest of a small number of highly planned, specialized, research and technology-intensive municipalities that incorporate a living environment, similar to KAUST, Saudi Arabia or Tsukuba Science City, Japan.

Partners in the project through its Clean Tech Fund are Consensus Business Group, Credit Suisse and Siemens Venture Capital. Construction of the first phase of the project is being managed by CH2M Hill. Infrastructure construction for the city will be handled by the Al Jaber Group and design of the central Masdar headquarters building has been awarded to Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture. The city's wayfinding system was developed by Endpoint and City ID.

Architecture

Masdar is a sustainable mixed-use development designed to be very friendly to pedestrians and cyclists.

Masdar City has terracotta walls decorated with arabesque patterns. From a distance, the city looks like a cube. The temperature in the streets is generally 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) cooler than the surrounding desert. The temperature difference is due to Masdar's unique construction. A 45-meter-high (148 ft) wind tower modeled on traditional Arab designs sucks air from above and pushes a cooling breeze through Masdar's streets. The site is raised above the surrounding land to create a slight cooling effect. Buildings are clustered close together to create streets and walkways shielded from the sun.

Masdar City was designed by Foster and Partners. Foster's design team started its work by touring ancient cities such as Cairo and Muscat to see how they kept cool. Foster found that these cities coped with hot desert temperatures through shorter, narrower streets usually no longer than 70 meters (230 ft). The buildings at the end of these streets create just enough wind turbulence to push air upwards, creating a flushing effect that cools the street. 

Transport system
Podcar at a personal rapid transit (PRT) station

The initial design banned automobiles, as travel will be accomplished via public mass transit and personal rapid transit (PRT) systems, with existing road and railways connecting to other locations outside the city.The absence of motor vehicles coupled with Masdar's perimeter wall, designed to keep out the hot desert winds, allows for narrow and shaded streets that help funnel cooler breezes across the city.In October 2010 it was announced the PRT would not expand beyond the pilot scheme due to the cost of creating the undercroft to segregate the system from pedestrian traffic. Subsequently, a test fleet of 10 Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric cars was deployed in 2011 as part of a one-year pilot to test a point-to-point transportation solution for the city as a complement to the PRT and the freight rapid transit (FRT), both of which consist of automated electric-powered vehicles.

Under a revised design, public transport within the city will rely on methods other than the PRTs. Masdar will instead use a mix of electric vehicles and other clean-energy vehicles for mass transit inside the city. The majority of private vehicles will be restricted to parking lots along the city's perimeter. Abu Dhabi's existing light rail and metro line will connect Masdar City's centre with the greater metropolitan area.

Commercial tenants and population
As of 2014, Masdar City has sufficient office space to begin attracting a significant number of residents. Masdar City's population is expected to grow from 1,000 to 4,000 in 2014. Masdar predicts that the city's population will hit 10,000 in three to five years.
 
Masdar Institute

The Masdar Institute of Science and Technology is a graduate-level research university focused on alternative energy, environmental sustainability, and clean technology. Its campus is located in Masdar City. The Masdar Institute was Masdar City's first occupant. The design of the campus emphasizes flexibility, the use of traditional architectural elements, and modern materials to provide for an optimized combination of natural lighting and cooling that minimize energy needs. By 2013, 336 students were enrolled at the institute. These students were selected from more than 2,000 applicants. 42% of enrolled students are from the UAE and 35% are women. The Masdar Institute plans to eventually enroll about 800 students. Admitted students from all countries are offered a full-tuition scholarships, monthly stipends, travel expenses, laptop computers, textbooks, and accommodation in order to facilitate their studies. Masdar students and faculty are engaged in over 300 joint projects with academia, private enterprise, and government agencies. Their research tends to focus on renewable energy, smart grids and smart buildings, energy policy and planning, water use, environmental engineering, and electronics.

The Masdar Institute has been behind the engineering plans of Masdar City and is at the center of research and development activities. The institute's building, developed in cooperation with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, uses 51% less electricity and 54% less potable water than traditional buildings in the UAE, and is fitted with a metering system that constantly observes power consumption. 

International Renewable Energy Agency

Masdar City will host the headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency, commonly known as IRENA. As of May 2013, construction of IRENA's headquarters was underway. Masdar was selected to host IRENA's headquarters after a high-profile campaign by the UAE. In its bid, the UAE offered rent-free offices in Masdar City, 20 IRENA scholarships to the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, and up to US$350 million in loans for renewable energy projects in developing countries.
Siemens

A regional headquarters for Siemens has been built in Masdar City. This building is the most energy efficient in all of Abu Dhabi. In 2014, more than 800 staff will start work there. The LEED Platinum building makes use of sustainable and energy efficient materials and building techniques.It was designed to use 45 percent less energy and 50 percent less water than typical office buildings.[30] The Siemens headquarters won an award for best office building at the Mpim Architectural Review Future Projects Awards in 2012. The Middle East Architect Awards named it the both the best and most sustainable office building the same year.

The 12,000 m2 (130,000 sq ft) building is built around the idea of a "box within a box". The structure includes a highly insulated airtight inner façade that insulates from the sun and a lightweight aluminium shading system on the exterior. The plaza beneath the building is funnel-shaped. This shape works to suck prevailing winds underneath the building. Due to the Venturi effect, a breeze flows up to the roof of the building through atria in the buildings structure, cooling public spaces without energy costs. These atria also allow daylight into the centre of the building in order to reduce the need for artificial lighting, further reducing energy consumption. The buildings automation systems are all from Siemens.

Siemens signed an initial ten-year lease. 

Incubator Building

The Incubator Building includes retail and office space to house start-ups, small-and-medium-sized enterprises, and regional offices for multinationals. The Incubator Building is designed to accommodate roughly fifty companies. Some of the most notable tenants include General Electric, Mitsubishi, Schneider
Electric, and the Global Green Growth Institute.

The Incubator Building houses the General Electric Ecomagination Center. The center offers training and exhibitions on energy and water efficiency. Nabil Habayeb, GE's president & CEO for the Middle East, North Africa and Turkey, said, "Locating the ecomagination Center at Masdar City further delivers on our promise to be an active partner in the concerted efforts of the UAE Government to promote a culture of sustainability. ... The Center builds on our long heritage in the country, and our commitment to support the vision of the Abu Dhabi Government to integrate sustainable growth as a key pillar of all its activities. Masdar City's mission complements our sustainability objectives and is an ideal home for our first ecomagination center." 

Renewable resources

Masdar is powered by a 22-hectare (54-acre) field of 87,777 solar panels with additional panels on roofs.

There are no light switches or water taps in the city; movement sensors control lighting and water to cut electricity and water consumption by 51 and 55 percent respectively.Gerard Evenden, the lead architect, says that the original plan for Masdar called for powering the entire city through on-site methods such as rooftop solar panels. He said,

    "When we started this project, nobody had really looked at doing projects of this scale. Then you realise it's much more efficient to build your solar field on the ground in the middle of the desert. You can send a man to brush them off every day, rather than having to access everyone's buildings individually, and you can make sure that they are running at their absolute peak. It's much better than putting them on every building in the city."

Blowing sand has been a problem for its solar panels, so Masdar has been working with other companies to engineer surfaces with pores smaller than sand particles to stop them from sticking on the panels. Scientists at the Masdar Institute are also working on coatings that repel sand and bacteria for use on solar panels and in other applications.

Besides photovoltaics, concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are being explored. For example, so-called "beam down" CSP plants have been constructed to test the viability of use in the city.

Water management has been planned in an environmentally sound manner as well. Approximately 80 percent of the water used will be recycled and waste water will be reused "as many times as possible", with this greywater being used for crop irrigation and other purposes.
Palmwood screens used in Masdar City

The exterior wood used throughout the city is palmwood, a sustainable hardwood-substitute developed by Pacific Green using plantation coconut palms that no longer bear fruit. Palmwood features include the entrance gates, screens and doors. 

Reaction

The project is supported by the global conservation charity World Wide Fund for Nature and the sustainability group BioRegional. In response to the project's commitment to zero carbon, zero waste and other environmentally friendly goals, WWF and BioRegional have endorsed Masdar City as an official One Planet Living Community.

The project is also supported by Greenpeace, which, however, stresses that there should be more focus on retrofitting existing cities to make them more sustainable rather than constructing new zero-carbon cities from scratch.

The US Government has supported the project. The US Department of Energy has signed a partnership agreement with the Masdar Group in a deal that will see the two organisations share expertise to support plans on zero-carbon cities.

The Alliance to Save Energy honoured Masdar City with a 2012 EE Visionary Award in recognition of the city's contributions to the advancement of energy efficiency.

Some skeptics are concerned that the city will be only symbolic for Abu Dhabi, and that it may become just a luxury development for the wealthy. Nicolai Ouroussoff opined in The New York Times that Masdar is the culmination of the gated community concept: "the crystallization of another global phenomenon: the growing division of the world into refined, high-end enclaves and vast formless ghettos where issues like sustainability have little immediate relevance". 

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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Saina Nehwal

Saina Nehwal (born 17 March 1990) is an Indian badminton player who is currently ranked No. 2 in the world by Badminton World Federation Women's Singles 2015.She is the first Indian to win a medal in Badminton at the Olympics.She achieved this feat by winning the Bronze medal at the London Olympics 2012 on 4 August 2012.She is also the first Indian after Prakash Padukone and the first Indian woman to become world number 1.Besides these, she is the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships and was also the first Indian to win a Super Series tournament, by clinching the Indonesia Open on 21 June 2009. Saina is supported by the Olympic Gold Quest.

Saina was initially coached by S. M. Arif a Dronacharya Award winner, and then by Pullela Gopichand till 2014 September. Saina is the reigning Indian national champion and is currently coached by the former Indian badminton champion and national coach P. Kulkarni. Saina Nehwal plays for Hyderabad Hotshots in the Indian Badminton League. She won silver at 2015 BWF World Campionship becoming the first Indian woman to do so.

Personal life

Saina Nehwal was the second daughter of Harvir Singh and Usha Rani, born at the University Hospital of the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University in Hisar.Her father worked in CCS HAU and she completed her first few years of schooling at Campus School CCS HAU, Hisar. The family later shifted to Hyderabad. Nehwal also has a brown belt in Karate.

Career
2006-2009 

In 2006, Saina became the under-19 national champion and created history by winning the prestigious Asian Satellite Badminton tournament (India Chapter) twice, becoming the first player to do so. In 2006, Saina appeared on the global scene when she became the second Indian woman to win a 4-star tournament, the Philippines Open. Entering the tournament as the 86th seed, Saina went on to stun several top seeded players including the then world number four Xu Huaiwen before defeating Julia Wong Pei Xian of Malaysia for the title. The same year Saina was also the runner up at the 2006 BWF World Junior Championships, where she lost a hard fought match against top seed Chinese Wang Yihan. She did one better in the 2008 by becoming the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships by defeating ninth seeded Japanese Sayaka Sato 21–9, 21–18.

She became the first Indian woman to reach the quarter finals at the Olympic Games when she upset world number five and fourth seed Wang Chen of Hong Kong in a three-game thriller. In the quarter-finals Saina lost a nail biting 3-gamer to world number 16 Maria Kristin Yulianti. In September 2008, she won the Yonex Chinese Taipei Open 2008 beating Lydia Cheah Li Ya of Malaysia 21–8 21–19. Maria Yulianti had earlier lost her quarter-final match to Pia Bernadet, Saina's semi-final opponent, thus denying Saina a rematch. Saina was named "The Most Promising Player" in 2008.She reached the world super series semifinals in the month of December 2008.

On 21 June 2009, she became the first Indian to win a BWF Super Series title, the most prominent badminton series of the world by winning the Indonesia Open. She beat Chinese Wang Lin in the final 12–21, 21–18, 21–9. Saina on winning the tournament said, "I had been longing to win a super series tournament since my quarter final appearance at the Olympics". Saina is on the par with the likes of Prakash Padukone and her mentor Pullela Gopichand who both won the all England championships which are of similar status to the super series. In August 2009 she reached the quarterfinals of world championship losing to the second seed Lin Wang.

Saina Nehwal

Saina Nehwal With Family

 

Saina Nehwal

2010

Saina successfully led the Indian Women Team to the Quarter-finals stage of the 2010 Uber Cup finals. Saina became the first Indian Woman to reach the semi finals of 2010 All-England Super Series before losing to eventual champion Tine Rasmussen. Top seeded Saina reached the semifinals of Yonex Sunrise Badminton Asia Championships 2010 losing out to unseeded eventual champion Li Xuerui of China. Saina's Coach Gopichand advised her not exert too much pressure on herself due to the overwhelming home crowd support. Saina wins the 2010 India Open Grand Prix Gold, beating Wong Mew Choo of Malaysia in the final and thus justifying her billing as top seed in the tournament. She won a prize money of $8,280 for winning this BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament. Nehwal, again seeded no.1 in the Singapore Open Super Series 2010, entered the finals defeating World champion Lu Lan of China. Saina won the second Super Series title of her career by beating qualifier Tai Tzu-Ying of Chinese Taipei in the final of the Singapore Open 21–18, 21–15. But the fact that she won the tournament in the absence of all the top 5 ranked players (who all happen to be Chinese), takes a little sheen away from her path breaking victory. Saina won a prize money of $15,000 for winning this BWF Super Series tournament. Saina reached a career high of world no. 3 in the women's singles badminton world rankings on 24 June 2010.[19] Saina defended her Indonesia Open super series title in three tough games against Sayaka Sato of Japan, 21–19 / 13–21 / 21–11.This is her third super series title and her third successive title following wins at Indian open, Singapore Super series. She again won the top prize money of $18,750 for winning this BWF Super Series tournament. On 15 July 2010, with 64791.26 points Saina Nehwal reached a career high world ranking of No. 2 only behind Wang Yihan of China. 2nd seed Saina, a tournament favourite, crashed out of the 2010 BWF World Championships in Paris after losing to 4th ranked Chinese Wang Shixian in straight sets 8–21, 14–21. She although equalled her tournament best performance, as she was also a losing quarter-finalist in the last edition held in Hyderabad. She subsequently dropped a spot to be No. 3 in the world rankings.

Top seed Saina, won the gold medal in the Women's Singles badminton event in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in New Delhi. She beat Wong Mew Choo of Malaysia 19–21 23–21 21–13. After her win Saina said, "when I was a match-point down, it was like a shock. It was a big match and winning it means a lot to me. Even many years from now, those present here will always remember how Saina won the gold. It is a proud feeling".In the BWF Super Series ranking for the year 2010 (which only considers the performances of players in the elite world super series tournaments), as on 27 September 2010, Saina has dropped to No. 7 from a high of No. 1 after giving a miss to 2010 China Masters Super Series and 2010 Japan Super Series due to her preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games. As on 5 Dec 2010, for the first time in the year Saina Nehwal dropped out of the top 10 best performers in the 2010 BWF Super Series rankings.

Saina Nehwal confirmed her participation for the 2010 Hong Kong Super series to held from 7 to 12 Dec 2010 and is also the penultimate super series tournament of the year. This would be Saina's first super series tournament after a gap of more than 5 months since her win in the 2010 Indonesia Super Series in June 2010. On 12 December 2010, Saina Nehwal defeated Wang Shixian 15–21, 21–16, 21–17 in the final of the 2010 Hong Kong Super Series to win her fourth career Super Series title.

 2011 

4th seed Saina Nehwal crashed out of the 2011 Korea Open Super Series Premier on 27 January 2011 in the 2nd round. She was defeated by the Japanese Sayaka Sato in a tight 3 set match with score 17–21,21–19 and 21–11. 5th seed Saina, was disappointed when she was defeated by Eriko Hirose of Japan at 2011 All England Super Series Premier on 11 March 2011. She was defeated in straight sets with a score of 21–11 and 22–20. It was her second early exit of the year after being defeated in Korean Premium Super Series earlier in January. One week later, on 17 March 2011, she met Eriko Hirose again (in the second round of the Wilson Badminton Swiss Open), but managed to win this time in three games 21–15, 17–21 and 21–11 – on her birthday. 2nd seed Saina Nehwal beat Ji Hyun Sung of South Korea 21–13, 21–14 to win the Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold badminton title on 20 March 2011. Saina posed an early exit from the Indian Open Super Series in Delhi. She disappointed the home crowd being defeated by Ai Goto of Japan in straight games 21–17 and 21–19.

Saina Nehwal faltered after a good start as she lost to the then world number three Wang Xin of China in the finals to finish runner-up in the 2011 Malaysian Open Grand Prix Gold tournament on 8 May 2011. Saina Nehwal participated in the 2011 BWF Double Star Sudirman Cup Mixed team event, she won her first match against Tzu Ying Tai of Chinese Taipei which was a tough three setter 21–10, 12–21 21–17, but India lost the tie 3–2. She was then shocked in her second match by current Junior World Champion & 16-year-old teen sensation Ratchanok Inthanon of Thailand losing in straight sets 21–14, 22–20, but India managed to beat Thailand 3–2 in the tie to book a spot in the quarterfinals of the Elite mixed team event for the first time in the history of the tournament. In the quarterfinals against the mighty Chinese, Saina put up her best performance and beat the then World number two Xin Wang in straight sets 21–15, 21–11, but still the Chinese managed to move into the semi finals with a 3–1 win over India. Saina lost to Li Xuerui of China in the quarterfinals of the Thailand Open GP Gold.

Defending Champion Saina lost to Cheng Shao-chieh of Chinese Taipei in the second round of Singapore Open Super Series. Saina, in her attempt to record a third straight win at the Indonesia Open Super Series Premier, reached the finals where she lost to Wang Yihan of China to finish as runner-up, on 26 June. Nehwal crashed out of World Championship 2011 as she lost 15–21, 10–21 to World Number 3 Wang Xin of China in a lop-sided women's singles match. Saina, who reached the quarterfinals in the last two editions of the event, had to be contend with yet another last-eight finish. She lost in quarter finals of 2011 China Masters Super Series against World No. 1 Wang Yihan of China in straight games 8–21, 12–21. Saina lost in semi finals of 2011 Japan Super Series against Juliane Schenk of Germany in straight games 19–21, 10–21. In the 2011 Denmark Super Series Premier, she lost to 17-year-old teen Tai Tzu-ying of Taiwan in straight games 19–21, 13–21 in the second round.[25] Saina repeated her shocking second round exit in the 2011 French Super Series as she lost to World No. 16 Li Xuerui of China in straight games 18–21, 29–30. Saina lost in quarter finals of 2011 Hong Kong Super Series against World No. 7 Tine Baun of Denmark in straight games 16–21, 15–21.

Saina was defeated in the very first round of 2011 China Open Super Series Premier by World No. 8 Bae Youn-joo of South Korea 21–15, 22–24, 15–21. During the season ending tournament in December, Saina Nehwal created history by becoming the first Indian singles player to reach the final of BWF Super Series Masters Finals after defeating World No. 5 Tine Baun of Denmark to cruise 21–17, 21–18 in the semifinals of the 2011 BWF Super Series Masters Finals in Liuzhou (China).She went on to lose the final 21–18, 13–21, 13–21 against the World No. 1 Chinese Wang Yihan in a contest lasting over an hour.

 

2012-2015

Saina successfully did her Swiss Open Title by defeating World No 2 Wang Shixian of China 21–19 21–16 on 18 March 2012,[30] a day after she turned 22 years old. On 10 June 2012, Saina defeated Thailand’s Ratchanok Inthanon 19–21 21–15 21–10, to lift the Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold title.

On 17 June 2012, Saina Nehwal won the Indonesia Open Super Series by defeating World No. 3 Li Xuerui of China 13–21, 22–20 21–19.It was her 3rd Indonesia Open title. On 4 August 2012, she won the bronze medal at the London Olympics when China's Wang Xin retired from the match after an injury with the match at 18–21, 0–1. On 21 October 2012, she won the Denmark Open Super Series Premier after defeating Wang Yihan 21-12 12-7 in the semifinal. Yihan got retired hurt in this match after losing first set and trailing in second set. In the final Saina defeated Juliane Schenk of Germany in two straight sets to lift her first Denmark open trophy.


On 26 January 2014 Saina defeated World Championship bronze medalist P.V. Sindhu 21-14, 21-17 to win the Women's Singles of India Open Grand Prix Gold Tournament. On March,2014 World No. 4 Saina Nehwal, who had a win-loss record of 4-2 against the Chinese ace Wang Shixian, crashed out of the 2014 All England Super Series Premier after losing her quarter-final match. Saina took revenge of All England loss by defeating Wang Shixian in semifinals of 2014 Australian Super Series. In final on June 29, 2014 Saina defeated Spain's Carolina Marin 21-18, 21-11 to win Women's Singles of 2014 Australian Super Series. The win helped her to reach the ranking of World no. 7, climbing two spots.

She became the 1st Indian woman to win the China Open Super Series Premier by beating Japan's Akane Yamaguchi 21-12, 22-20 in the final.


Defending Champion Saina Nehwal won the 2015 India Open Grand Prix Gold by defeating Spain's Carolina Marin in the Final. She became the first Indian woman shuttler to reach the finals of All England Open Badminton Championships, but lost to Carolina in the final. On 29 March 2015, Saina won her maiden women's singles title at the India Open (badminton)|India Open]] BWF Super Series beating Ratchanok Intanon of Thailand. This assured her of becoming World number 1 when the latest BWF rankings were released on April 2. Thus, she became the first Indian women's player to be World No.1 in badminton.On 16th Aug 2015, Saina went down fighting to Carolina Marin again, in the Final of World Badminton Championships held in Jakarta, settling for the Silver.  

 

Endorsements

In 2002, sports brand Yonex offered to sponsor Saina’s kit. As her status and rankings improved, the sponsorships increased. In 2004, BPCL (Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited)signed the rising star. She is one of the athletes supported by Olympic Gold Quest. She is the brand ambassador of Sahara India Pariwar. Saina endorses Herbalife, Top Ramen Noodles,Fortune Cooking Oil,Indian Overseas Bank, Vaseline, Sahara and Yonex.

She had signed an endorsement deal worth Rs. 400 million with the popular sports management firm Rhiti Sports in 2012. However, she severed this deal in 2013 and signed up with KWAN entertainment and marketing solutions for an undisclosed sum.She has a dedicated sporting range with the multinational sports goods manufacturer Yonex, 4% of the profits of which goes to her. Apart from endorsements, she has also been invited on popular Indian television shows as a guest including Satyamev Jayate and Comedy Nights with Kapil. 

 Award

World Championships
Silver medal – second place     2015 Jakarta     Women's Singles

Olympic Games
Bronze medal – third place     2012 London     Women's singles

Asian Championships
Bronze medal – third place     2010 New Delhi     Women's singles

Uber Cup
Bronze medal – third place     2014 New Delhi     Team
 

Asian Games
Bronze medal – third place     2014 Incheon     Women's team
 

Commonwealth Games
Gold medal – first place     2010 New Delhi     Women's singles
Silver medal – second place     2010 New Delhi     Mixed Team
Bronze medal – third place     2006 Melbourne     Mixed Team
 

World Junior Championships
Gold medal – first place     2008 Pune     Girls' singles
Silver medal – second place     2006 Incheon     Girls' singles
 

Commonwealth Youth Games
Gold medal – first place     2008 Pune     Girl's singles
Silver medal – second place     2004 Bendigo     Mixed team 

News For Saina Nehwal

Despite World Championships final loss, Saina Nehwal will be No.1

HYDERABAD: Ace shuttler Saina Nehwal blamed her loss in the World Championships final on silly errors at crucial times during the second game. Admitting that she did not play at her best, Saina said that the final was more a mental battle than physical.

"I could have done better today. I made too many mistakes in the first game. I have no problems with fitness. But the final is more mental than physical. I made one silly error during a crucial moment in the second game," said Saina, adding that the experience of having already played a World Championships final helped Carolina more.

"In the second game, I was on the slower side. I was trying to make rallies happen but the points went very quickly. When you have experience of playing a WC final, it's easier. She was more at ease and not thinking of winning or losing," added Saina, who will be come No.1 when the rankings are announced next Thursday.

Despite her win, Carolina who is the reigning No.1, will only retain her 80,612 points and will not get a single point more. However, Saina, who lost in the quarterfinals last year will secure an additional 3600 points which will take her overall tally to 82,792 points. Saina became world No.1 for the first time on April 2 this year and was there for five weeks. The Indian may have a longer stint this time.

Meanwhile, Saina's coach Vimal Kumar blamed her loss on net play. "Her net play let her down and eventually that affected her confidence. Moreover, Saina appeared more contended in defending and the initiative to attack was not visible," said Vimal adding that there were a lot of positives from the championship.

Describing PV Sindhu as the next Saina of India, Harvir Singh Nehwal said that he was proud of his daughter. "I am proud of my daughter. She made India proud with her achievements. She may have lost but she had shown the way for many youngsters like Srikanth (Kidambi), HS Prannoy, Kashyap (Parupalli) and Sindhu. She showed the way and my heart says that Sindhu is the next Saina of India. She is doing very well.

"It is great to see so many shuttlers coming from the Gopichand Academy. I am happy that Padukone Academy, where Saina is practising now, is also producing several players. All these augur well for the development of the game," Harvir Singh said.

 

Committed too many mistakes in first game: Saina Nehwal

 JAKARTA: Indian ace Saina Nehwal on Sunday said she lacked patience and committed to many errors, which dashed her dreams of winning the gold medal at the prestigious World Badminton Championships.

World number 2 Saina settled for the silver after going down 16-21, 19-21 to her numero uno nemesis from Spain, Carolina Marin.

"Today I didn't play my best, I could've done better. Too many mistakes in first game. In the second, I had a lead, but points went by very quickly and within no time she was level," Saina said after losing to the All England champion in the title clash.

"I could've been more patient then during those 4-5 points. I had no problems with fitness. Final is more mental than physical. I made one silly error in the second game during a crucial moment.

"In the second set, I was on the slower side. I was trying to make rallies happen but the points went very quickly," she added.

Saina felt the experience of playing in the final helped defending champion Marin as she could play more freely.

"When you have experience of playing a World Cup final, it's easier. She was more free and not thinking of winning or losing," she said.

Marin said, "I feel more happy this time compared to last time. This was more difficult. I had a foot injury last month, I thought I couldn't play. I started playing two weeks ago, just wanted to enjoy the tournament.

"I just didn't want to make mistakes when I was down in the second game. She was more tired than me. I just kept thinking of each point, just wanted to enjoy the final and the crowd," she said.

Marin also thanked the supporters for rooting for her.

"Today I felt I was playing at home. Thanks to Indonesia for supporting me," she said.

 After scaling China wall, Saina Nehwal hits another 

A fresh chapter has begun for Saina Nehwal, and like most new challenges thrown at her in her badminton life, it needed to start with a big loss in the public glare of a massive final: she now returns to the drawing board and starts finding ways to stop losing to Marin, the marauding Spaniard.

India’s World No 2 was out-played 21-16, 21-19 by a rampaging Carolina Marin on Sunday at Jakarta’s World Championships, and given how widely the title final was followed across the country, the defeat will stay stamped on Indian minds and push Nehwal to find means to counter the World No. 1 against whom she has now come second-best in two big finals: All England and the Worlds.

Saina led 3-0 once, but the last one year has witnessed Marin not lose a big final. She played six, won four, and in total head-to-head goes up 2-3 to the Indian.


The finals at the sauna of an Istora Stadium cemented Marin’s reputation as a very popular World Champion – her second consecutive title in a row – on a day when Nehwal must’ve realised she’s no longer Indonesia’s sweetheart, given how lopsided the support was, in Marin’s favour. Indonesians love good badminton, and the 22-year-old top-ranked girl gave them that.

It should’ve been evident when Marin started tapping Nehwal’s drop-shots that the Indian was not going to finish this one right. It was the start though, that the Hyderabadi will kick herself for.

Pushed on the defensive at the very beginning, Nehwal never got to assert her own game, and was chasing the shuttle throughout the match, looking mighty worried about what was the next that Marin would pull out of her trick-bag.

Never in control

Lacking the assured movement and accuracy of the quarterfinals against Yihan Wang, Nehwal never looked in control of the match and was harried around by the quick-footed Spaniard. Where Nehwal lost her confidence – and the match – was at the net. Her errors from the forecourt kept growing and a couple of net-chords wouldn’t have helped. From 7-all in the opener, the gap would open like a crocodile’s jaw – 11-7, 16-10 and finally 21-16. Marin meanwhile was moving busily — you wouldn’t think she’d hurt her foot same time last month — and Nehwal’s pushes kept floating out. She was stabbing at them shakily, and not finding her lengths. The Spaniard’s dominance apparent from her aggression kept growing, and she had the better of the strokes — the round-the-heads and cross-courts at the net, and for the second time in six months, Nehwal wilted.

Two shots stood out: the overhead where Marin turns a shuttle on her backhand into a forehand stroke by arcing her snappy arm above the head, and her conventional left-handed forehand positioned next to the side alley that curves inside and came on Saina at an awkward angle. Shuttlers relish the accuracy on body smashes, but Marin could target Nehwal’s body even in that looping parabola. “I know she was more tired than me. I just kept thinking of each point, just wanted to enjoy the final and the crowd,” Marin said.

Even when the Indian led 12-6 in the second, Marin didn’t seem unduly worried. There were long rallies alright — some Saina even won — but Marin’s defense was outrageously persistent and she’d invariably chase the shuttle around and still find energy for the kill-shot, slumping Nehwal even further.

“Today I didn’t play my best, I could’ve done better. Too many mistakes in first game. In the second, I had a lead, but points went by very quickly and within no time she was level. I could’ve been more patient then during those 4-5 points,” she said, but you got the sense that even slowing the rallies down — not that Marin looked like in a mood to permit that — wouldn’t have helped Nehwal’s cause.

Changing plans

Nehwal can’t be accused of not attempting to change plans either — in one instance she tried a risky wrist deception from the net – changing direction of her stroke with a restraining locked wrist, but it was one of those days when she couldn’t pull it off. “In the second set, I was on the slower side. I was trying to make rallies happen but the points went very quickly,” she would say.

Saina is a good three years older than Marin and more experienced on the circuit. But that doesn’t necessarily equate the experience of the big final. “When you have the experience of playing a WC final, it’s easier. She was more free (sic) and not thinking of winning or losing,” Nehwal said.

Between 13-all and 17-evens in the second set, Nehwal would offer her best resistance — long constructed rallies finishing in an attacking smash as Marin started tiring, but for large parts of the match, the Indian had forgotten her instinctive weapon — the brutish smash — or wasn’t allowed to remember. “She was defensive, and the initiative was not there. She looked more worried about what Carolina would do next than playing her own game,” coach Vimal Kumar said.

Marin has beaten Chinese Xuerui Li and Yihan Wang, two of the most dominating players in their last few meetings, and it is clearly tough to beat her at her natural game. Nehwal needed to be at her best, and driven zealously — also prepared specifically for her.

It could be said that Nehwal was spent at the quarters obsessing over beating Yihan Wang and fizzled out in the final, returning with a silver. But all of Marin’s challengers have discovered that they need to be armed with Plans A, B and C to counter her. Sung Ji Hyun took her to three sets in the semis, but didn’t look like she could’ve won the decider. As World No. 2 though, the onus is on Saina to find the solution.

Marin has struggled against Intanon Ratchanok (she’s 0-4 still) and the Thai is in possession of deception and so completely comfortable in slowing down the pace and frustrating the restless Marin that it doesn’t seem like an answer to Saina’s hassles.

“One thing we know about Saina from this World Championship is that she can break jinxes. But we’ll need to be patient for her to figure out Marin,” former international Arvind Bhat, cautions. It’ll be a new chapter of her shuttle training — devising a gameplan against Carolina Marin, who is handing her drubbings like the 21-7 decider at All England and the straight sets one-sided battle of the Worlds. The last time someone heaped the down-and-out treatment on her was Chinese Yihan Wang. For solving that part of the puzzle eventually, Saina Nehwal deserves the silver. 

 

15 Aug 1947

Independence Day (India)

Independence Day, observed annually on 15 August, is a National Holiday in India commemorating the nation's independence from the British Empire on 15 August 1947. India attained independence following an Independence Movement noted for largely nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress (INC). Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which the British Indian Empire was divided along religious lines into the Dominions of India and Pakistan; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties, and the displacement of nearly 15 million people due to sectarian violence.

On 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had become the first Prime Minister of India that day, raised the Indian national flag above the Lahore Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi. On each subsequent Independence Day, the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech.

The holiday is observed throughout India with flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades and cultural events. Indians celebrate the day by displaying the national flag on their attire, accessories, homes and vehicles; by listening to patriotic songs, watching patriotic movies; and bonding with family and friends. Books and films feature the independence and partition in their narrative. Separatist and militant organisations have often carried out terrorist attacks on and around 15 August, and others have declared strikes and used black flags to boycott the celebration.

History

At the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress, the Purna Swaraj declaration, or "Declaration of the Independence of India" was promulgated,and 26 January was declared as Independence Day.The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to civil disobedience and "to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time" until India attained complete independence. Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens, and to force the British government to consider granting independence.

The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930 and 1956.The celebration was marked by meetings where the attendants took the "pledge of independence". Jawaharlal Nehru described in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful, solemn, and "without any speeches or exhortation". Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings, the day would be spent "... in doing some constructive work, whether it is spinning, or service of 'untouchables,' or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans, or prohibition work, or even all these together".Following actual independence in 1932, the Constitution of India came into effect on and from 26 January 1950; since then 26 January is celebrated as Republic Day. 

Immediate background

In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, realised that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India. In February 1947, Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British government would grant full self-governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest.

The new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the Muslim League might lead to a collapse of the interim government. He chose the second anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, 15 August, as the date of power transfer. The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted the idea of partitioning British India into two states; the successor governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan (including what is now Bangladesh) with effect from 15 August 1947, and granted complete legislative authority upon the respective constituent assemblies of the new countries. The Act received royal assent on 18 July 1947.

Partition and independence 

Millions of Muslim, Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked across the newly drawn borders in the months surrounding independence. In Punjab, where the borders divided the Sikh regions in halves, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Mahatma Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was mitigated. In all, between 250,000 and 1,000,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence.While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day, Gandhi stayed in Calcutta in an attempt to stem the carnage. On 14 August 1947, the Independence Day of Pakistan, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being; Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi.

The Constituent Assembly of India met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi. The session was chaired by the president Rajendra Prasad. In this session, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny speech proclaiming India's independence.
“    

Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.
    ”

—Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947

The members of the Assembly formally took the pledge of being in the service of the country. A group of women, representing the women of India, formally presented the national flag to the assembly.

The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took place in New Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the first prime minister, and the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, continued as its first governor general.Gandhi's name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion; Gandhi himself however took no part in the official events. Instead, he marked the day with a 24-hour fast, during which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging peace between Hindu and Muslim. 

 Celebration 

Independence Day, one of the three national holidays in India (the other two being the Republic Day on 26 January and Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October), is observed in all Indian states and union territories. On the eve of Independence Day, the President of India delivers the "Address to the Nation". On 15 August, the prime minister hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site Red Fort in Delhi. Twenty-one gun shots are fired in honour of the solemn occasion. In his speech, the prime minister highlights the past year's achievements, raises important issues and calls for further development. He pays tribute to the leaders of the Indian independence movement. The Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana" is sung. The speech is followed by march past of divisions of the Indian Armed Forces and paramilitary forces. Parades and pageants showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India's diverse cultural traditions. Similar events take place in state capitals where the Chief Ministers of individual states unfurl the national flag, followed by parades and pageants.
A child holding a small sized flag
A child holding the Indian national flag.

Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes take place in governmental and non-governmental institutions throughout the country. Schools and colleges conduct flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural events. Major government buildings are often adorned with strings of lights. In Delhi and some other cities, kite flying adds to the occasion.[23][28] National flags of different sizes are used abundantly to symbolise allegiance to the country. Citizens adorn their clothing, wristbands, cars, household accessories with replicas of the tri-colour.Over a period of time, the celebration has changed emphasis from nationalism to a broader celebration of all things India.

The Indian diaspora celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and pageants, particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants.In some locations, such as New York and other US cities, 15 August has become "India Day" among the diaspora and the local populace. Pageants celebrate "India Day" either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day.

indian flag

first day of indian independence

 Freedom Fighter

1 Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh  (  27/28 September 1907 – 23 March 1931)[a] was an Indian socialist considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. He is often referred to as "Shaheed Bhagat Singh", the word "Shaheed" meaning "martyr" in a number of South Asian and Middle Eastern languages. Born into a Sikh family which had earlier been involved in revolutionary activities against the British Raj, as a teenager Singh studied European revolutionary movements and was attracted to anarchist and Marxist ideologies. He was involved in several revolutionary organisations and became prominent in the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), which changed its name to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928.

Seeking revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Singh was involved in the murder of British police officer John Saunders. He eluded efforts by the police to capture him. Soon after, together with Batukeshwar Dutt, he and an accomplice threw two bombs and leaflets inside the Central Legislative Assembly. The two men were arrested, as they had planned to be. Held on this charge, he gained widespread national support when he underwent a 116-day fast in jail, demanding equal rights for European prisoners and those Indians imprisoned for what he believed were political reasons. During this time, sufficient evidence was brought against him for a conviction in the Saunders case, after trial by a Special Tribunal and appeal at the Privy Council in England. He was convicted and subsequently hanged for his participation in the murder, aged 23.

His legacy prompted youth in India to begin fighting for Indian independence and he continues to be a youth idol in modern India, as well as the inspiration for several films. He is commemorated with a large bronze statue in the Parliament of India, as well as a range of other memorials.Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh

2 Chandra Shekhar Azad

Chandra Shekhar Azad (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931), popularly known as Azad ("The Free"), was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association under the new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. He is considered to be the mentor of Bhagat Singh and chief strategist of the HSRA.

 Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on 23 july 1906 in Bhavra village, in the present-day Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. His forefathers were from the Badarka village near Kanpur (in present-day Unnao District). His mother, Jagrani Devi, was the third wife of Sitaram Tiwari, whose previous wives had died young. After the birth of their first son, Sukhdev, in Badarka, the family moved to Alirajpur State.
A monument of Chandra Shekhar Azad in his native village Badarka

His mother wanted her son to be a great Sanskrit scholar and persuaded his father to send him to Kashi Vidyapeeth, Banaras to study. In December 1921, when Mohandas K. Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined. As a result, he was arrested. On being produced before a magistrate, he gave his name as 'Azad', father's name as 'Swatantrata' (independent) and residence as 'Jail'. From that day onward, having announced his name to be Azad (The Free) in court, he was known as Chandra Shekhar Azad among the people.

Chandra Shekhar Azad

 3 Sukhdev Thapar

Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1907-23 March 1931) was a revolutionary, born in Ludhiana, Punjab, British India.He is from valmiki or mazhabi cast.
Sukhdev Thapar was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India. He also taught at the National College in Lahore, where he and other revolutionaries also established the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, an organisation involved in various activities intended mainly to prepare youths for the struggle for independence and putting an end to communalism.

Sukhdev is best remembered for his involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case of 18 December 1928 and its aftermath. He was an accomplice of Bhagat Singh, and Shivaram Rajguru, whose conspiracy led to the assassination of Deputy Superintendent of Police, J. P. Saunders in 1928 in response to the violent death of a veteran leader, Lala Lajpat Rai. After the Central Assembly Hall bombings in New Delhi on 8 April 1929, the conspirators were arrested and convicted of their crime.


On 23 March 1931, the three men were hanged. Their bodies were secretly cremated on the banks of the Satluj river.

Sukhdev Thapar

 4 Shivaram Rajguru

Shivaram Hari Rajguru (24 August 1908 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra, known mainly for his involvement in the murder of a British Raj police officer.

Rajguru was born at Khed, near Pune, India. He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army, who wanted India to be freed from British rule by any means necessary. He believed that ferocity against oppression was far more effective against British rule than the nonviolent civil disobedience preferred by Mahatma Gandhi.

Rajguru became a colleague of Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev, and took part in the murder of a British police officer, J. P. Saunders, at Lahore in 1928. Their actions were to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai who had died a fortnight after being hit by police while on a march protesting the Simon Commission. The feeling was that Rai's death resulted from the police action, although he had addressed a meeting later.

The three men and 21 other co-conspirators were tried under the provisions of a regulation that was introduced in 1930 specifically for that purpose.All three were convicted of the crime and hanged on 23 March 1931. They were cremated at Hussainiwala at the banks of the Sutlej river in the Ferozepur district of Punjab.
Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev

His birthplace of Khed has since been renamed as Rajgurunagar in his honour. Rajguru Market, a shopping complex at Hisar, Haryana, was named in his honour in 1953

Shivaram Rajguru

5 Ashfaqulla Khan

Ashfaqulla Khan (Ashfaq Ulla Khan) About this sound pronunciation (help·info) (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927) was a freedom fighter in the Indian independence movement who had sacrificed his life along with Ram Prasad Bismil. Bismil and Ashfaq were good friends and Urdu poets (Shayar). Bismil was the pen name of Pandit Ram Prasad whereas Ashfaq used to write poetry with the pen name of 'Hasrat'.

Ashfaqulla Khan was hanged in a conspiracy against the British Raj in the twentieth century. He was a prominent figure of the Hindustan Republican Association.

Ashfaq ullah Khan was born on 22 October 1900 in Shahjahanpur in Uttar Pradesh. His father, Shafiq Ullah Khan belonged to a Pathan family which was famous for their military background. His maternal side was of the family was better educated and many of those relatives had served in the police and administrative services of British India. His mother Mazhoor-Un-Nisa Begum was an extremely pious lady. Ashfaq ullah was the youngest amongst all his four brothers. His elder brother Riyasat Ullah Khan was a class mate of Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil. When Bismil was declared absconder after the Mainpuri Conspiracy, Riyasat used to tell his younger brother Ashafaq about the bravery and shayari Urdu poetry of Bismil. Since then Ashfaq was very keen to meet Bismil, because of his poetic attitude. In 1920, when Bismil came to Shahjahanpur and engaged himself in business, Ashfaq tried so many times to contact him but Bismil paid no attention.

In 1922, when Non-cooperation movement started and Bismil organised meetings in Shahjahanpur to tell the public about the movement, Ashfaq ullah met him in a public meeting and introduced himself as a younger brother of his classmate. He also told Bismil that he wrote poems under the pen-names of 'Warsi' and 'Hasrat'. Bismil listened to some of his couplets in a private get-together at Shahjahanpur and they became good friends. Ashfaq often wrote something and showed it to Bismil who immediately corrected or improved the same. Thus a very good poetic alignment between Ashfaq and Bismil developed and it was so familiar that whosoever listened to them in any of the poetic conferences called Mushaira in Urdu language was overwhelmed with surprise.

 

Ashfaq ullah Khan

 6 Ram Prasad Bismil

Ram Prasad Bismil  (11 June 1897 – 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925, and struggled against British imperialism. As well as being a freedom fighter, he was a patriotic poet and wrote in Hindi and Urdu using the pen names Ram, Agyat and Bismil. But, he became popular with the last name "Bismil" only. He was associated with Arya Samaj where he got inspiration from Satyarth Prakash, a book written by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He also had a confidential connection with Lala Har Dayal through his guru Swami Somdev, a preacher of Arya Samaj.

Bismil was one of the founding members of the revolutionary organisation Hindustan Republican Association. Bhagat Singh praised him as a great poet-writer of Urdu and Hindi, who had also translated the books Catherine from English and Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot from Bengali. Several inspiring patriotic verses are attributed to him; these include the poem Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna.

Ram Prasad Bismil was born on 11 June 1897 to Murlidhar and Moolmati at Shahjahanpur, in United Province, British India. He learnt Hindi from his father at home and was sent to learn Urdu from a moulvi. He was admitted to an English-language school, despite his father's disapproval, and also joined the Arya Samaj in Shahjahanpur. Bismil showed a talent for writing patriotic poetry.

Ram Prasad Bismil

All Fredom Fighters

Tipu Sultan kishore     1750 November 20     1799 May 5         First Freedom Fighter of Indian Independence Movement against British

Bal Gangadhar Tilak     1856 July 23         1920 August 1         Leader of Indian Independence Movement

Khudiram Bose         1889 December 3     1908 August 11         The Muzaffarpur killing

Chandra Shekhar Azad     1906 July 23         27 February 1931     Kakori Conspiracy

Ram Prasad Bismil     1897 June 11         19 December 1927     Kakori Conspiracy

Bhagat Singh         1907 September         23 March 1931         Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929

Udham Singh         1899 December 26     31 July 1940         Shooting in Caxton Hall

Hemu Kalani         1923 March 23         21 January 1943     Sabotage of Railway Track

Ashfaqulla Khan     1900 October 22     19 December 1927     Kakori Conspiracy

Sachindra Bakshi     1904 December 25     23 November 1984     Kakori Conspiracy

Manmath Nath Gupta     1908 February 7     26 October 2000     Kakori Conspiracy

Vasudev Balwant Phadke     1845 November 4     17 February 1883     Deccan Rebellion

Anant Laxman Kanhere     1891             1910 April 19         Shooting of British Officer Jackson

Krishnaji Gopal Karve     1887             1910 April 19         Shooting of British Officer Jackson

Ganesh Damodar Savarkar   1879 13 June         March 16, 1945         Armed movement against the British

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar     1883 May 28     26 February 1966     Father of Hindu Nationalism

Bagha Jatin         1879 December 7     10 September 1915     The Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, Hindu–German Conspiracy

Batukeshwar Dutt     1910 November 18     July 20, 1965         Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929

Sukhdev Thapar         1907 May 15         23 March 1931         Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929

Shivaram Rajguru     1908 August 24         23 March 1931         Murder of a British police officer, J. P. Saunders

Roshan Singh         1892 January 22     19 December 1927     Kakori Conspiracy, Bamrauli Action

Pritilata Waddedar     1911 May 5         23 September 1932     Pahartali European Club attack

Jatindra Nath Das     1904 October 27     13 September 1929     Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case

Durgawati Devi         1907 October 7         15 October 1999     Running the bomb factory 'Himalayan Toilets'

Bhagwati Charan Vohra     1904 July 4         28 May 1930         Philosophy of Bomb

Madan Lal Dhingra     1883 September 18     17 August 1909         Curzon Wyllie's assassination

Alluri Sitarama Raju     1897             7 May 1924         Rampa Rebellion of 1922

Kushal Konwar         1905             15 June 1943         Train sabotage Sarupathar

Surya Sen         1894 March 22         12 January 1934     Chittagong Armoury Raid

Ananta Singh         1903 December 1     25 January 1979     Chittagong armoury raid

Sri Aurobindo         1872 August 15         5 December 1950     Alipore Bomb Case

Rash Behari Bose     1886 May 25         21 January 1945     Indian National Army

Ubaidullah Sindhi     1872 March 10         August 22, 1944     Silk Letter Conspiracy

Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee     1895         1969             Kakori Conspiracy

Baikuntha Shukla     1907             May 14, 1934         Assassination of Phanindra Nath Ghosh, a government Approver

Ambika Chakrabarty     1892             6 March 1962         Chittagong armoury raid

Badal Gupta         1912             8 December 1930     Attack at Writers Building

Dinesh Gupta         1911 December 6     7 July 1931         Attack at Writers Building

Benoy Basu         1908 September 11     13 December 1930     Attack at Writers Building

Rajendra Lahiri     1901             1927 December 17     Kakori Conspiracy

Barindra Kumar Ghosh     1880 January 5         18 April 1959         Alipore Bomb Case

Prafulla Chaki         1888             December 10     1908     The Muzaffarpur killing

Ullaskar Dutta         1885 April 16         May 17, 1965         Alipore Bomb Case

Hemchandra Kanungo     1871      1951                     Alipore Bomb Case
 

Basawon Singh (Sinha)     1909 March 23         7 April 1989         Lahore conspiracy case

Bhavabhushan Mitra     1881             27 January 1970     Ghadar Mutiny
 

Bina Das         1911 August 24         26 December 1986     Attempted to Assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson

Sri Prakasa         1890 August 3         23 Jun 1971 

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

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